Halitosis((()))

center]Halitosis



A closely related problem is that of halitosis OR bad breath. This may occur in the healthy, or in those with significant oral or generalized disease. It is often a transient problem, but, if not, warrants investigation. The causes of halitosis may be divided into local, systemic, and drug-induced causes. Patients who smoke or eat a great deal of garlic and highly spiced foods will have a characteristic odour on their breath. Local causes of halitosis include poor oral hygiene, chronic periodontal or dental disease, and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) problems, such as sinusitis or chronic tonsillitis. Systemic disease, as in renal or hepatic failure, respiratory disease, and uncontrolled diabetes leading to ketosis, is a rare cause of halitosis but should be considered. Some drugs are reported as causing halitosis. The most common drug-induced form of halitosis is probably that due to the lack of oral hygiene resulting from iatrogenic dry mouth



Local causes of halitosis

Mouth
Poor oral hygiene
Food packing and stagnation
Chronic periodontal disease
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

Dry socket
Pericoronitis
Chronic dental sepsis
Infections
Malignant tumours
Haemorrhage
Nose and pharynx
Pharyngitis
Tonsillitis
Sinusitis (postnasal drip)
Malignant tumours
Foreign bodies





Systemic diseases causing halitosis


Lower respiratory tract infections
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Kidney failure
Liver failure
Febrile illness




Drugs that may produce halitosis


Paraldehyde
Isosorbide dinitrate
Disulfiram
Alcohol
Cytotoxic drugs (indirectly)
Xerogenic drugs (indirectly)[/center


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